[AAPBioethics1995] American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics. Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice. Pediatrics 1995;95(2):314-7. Available online at http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/pediatrics;95/2/314.

[AAPGenetics2000] American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Genetics. Evaluation of the newborn with developmental anomalies of the external genitalia. Pediatrics 2000;106(1 Pt 1):138-42. Available online at http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;106/1/138.

[Ahmed2004] Ahmed S, Morrison S, Hughes I. Intersex and gender assignment; The third way? Arch Dis Child 2004;89(9):847-50.

[Alizai1999] Alizai N, Thomas D, Lilford R, Batchelor A, Johnson N. Feminizing genitoplasty for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: What happens at puberty? J Urol 1999;161(5):1588-91.

[Allen1982] Allen L, Hardy B, Churchill B. The surgical management of the enlarged clitoris. J Urol 1982;128(2):351-4.

[Allen1992] Allen L, Gorski R. Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89(15):7199-202.

[Angier1997] Angier N. New Debate Over Surgery on Genitals. New York Times 1997:B7. Available online at http://www.dsdguidelines.org/angier1997.

[ASB2005] Special Issue on Intersex. Archives of Sexual Behavior 2005;34(4).

[Bailez1992] Bailez M, Gearhart J, Migeon C, Rock J. Vaginal reconstruction after initial construction of the external genitalia in girls with salt-wasting adrenal hyperplasia. J Urol 1992;148(2 Pt 2):680-2; discussion 683-4.

[BakerTowell2003] Baker Towell D, Towell A. A preliminary investigation into quality of life, psychological distress and social competence in children with cloacal exstrophy. J Urol 2003;169(5):1850-3.

[Balen2004] Balen AH, Creighton SM, Davies MC, MacDougall J, Stanhope R, eds. Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004.

[BAPS2001] British Association of Paediatric Surgeons Working Party on the Surgical Management of Children Born with Ambiguous Genitalia. Statement of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons Working Party on the Surgical Management of Children Born with Ambiguous Genitalia. 2001. www.baps.org.uk.

[Baratz2004] Baratz A. Sex determination, differentiation, and identity. N Engl J Med 2004;350(21):2204-6.

[Baskin1999] Baskin L, Erol A, Li Y, Liu W, Kurzrock E, Cunha G. Anatomical studies of the human clitoris. Journal of Urology 1999;162(3 Part 2):1015-20.

[Beh2000] Beh H, Diamond M. An emerging ethical and medical dilemma: Should physicians perform sex assignment surgery on infants with ambiguous genitalia? Mich J Gend Law 2000;7(1):1-63. Available online at http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/intersex00_00.html.

[Berenbaum] Berenbaum S. Management of Children with Intersex Conditions: Psychological and Methodological Perspectives. Growth, Genetics, and Hormones 2003;19(1):1-7.

[Berenbaum2003] Berenbaum S, Bailey J. Effects on gender identity of prenatal androgens and genital appearance: Evidence from girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(3):1102-6.

[Berenbaum2004] Berenbaum S, Sandberg D. Sex determination, differentiation, and identity. N Engl J Med 2004;350(21):2204-6.

[Berenbaum2004a] Berenbaum S, Korman Bryk K, Duck S, Resnick S. Psychological adjustment in children and adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Pediatr 2004;144(6):741-6.

[Bick1993] Bick D, Ballabio A. Bringing Kallmann syndrome into focus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14(4):852-4.

[Bin-Abbas1999] Bin-Abbas B, Conte FA, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and micropenis: Why sex reversal is not indicated. Journal of Pediatrics 1999;134(5):579-83.

[BJU2004] Special issue on intersex. BJU Int 2004;93(s3):1-66. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/bju/93/s3.

[Blackless2000] Blackless M, Charuvastra A, Derryck A, Fausto-Sterling A, Lauzanne K, Lee E. How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. Am J Human Biol 2000;12(2):151-66. Available online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issuetoc?ID=69504032.

[Blizzard2002] Blizzard R. Intersex issues: A series of continuing conundrums. Pediatrics 2002;110(3):616-21.

[Bomalaski2005] Bomalaski M. A practical approach to intersex. Urol Nurs 2005;25(1):11-8, 23; quiz 24. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/499501.

[Brown1978] Brown D, Klain D. Anterior Hypopituitarism Associated with Neonatal Hypolgycemia. Pediatric Research 1978;12:411.

[Brown1978b] Brown D, Wong E, Murdock D, Ulstrom R, Steffes M. Serum and Urine Radioimmunoassay of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 21-Hydroxylase Type Adrenogenital Syndrome. Presented at: Northwest Pediatric Society; 1978.

[Brown2005] Brown J, Warne G. Practical management of the intersex infant. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18(1):3-23.

[Byne2004] Byne W, Sekaer C. The question of psychosexual neutrality at birth. In Legato M, ed. Principles of Gender Specific Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, Incorporated; 2004:155-66.

[Cameron1999] Cameron D. Caught between: An essay on intersexuality. In Dreger AD, ed. Intersex in the Age of Ethics. Hagerstown, Maryland: The University Publishing Group; 1999:91-6.

[Catlin1998] Catlin AJ. Ethical commentary on gender reassignment: A complex and provocative modern issue. Pediatric Nursing 1998;24(1):63-5+99.

[Chase1996] Chase C. Re: Measurement of evoked potentials during feminizing genitoplasty: Techniques and applications (letter). Journal of Urology 1996;156(3):1139-40.

[Chase1997] Chase C. Hermaphrodites Speak!: Intersex Society of North America; 1997. Available through http://www.isna.org/videos/hermaphrodites_speak.

[Chase1999] Chase C. Rethinking treatment for ambiguous genitalia. Pediatr Nurs 1999;25(4):451-5.

[Chase2002] Chase C. The Child with an Intersex Condition: Total Patient Care. Intersex Society of North Amercia; 2002. Available from http://www.isna.org/videos/total_patient_care.

[Chase2003] Chase C. What is the agenda of the intersex patient advocacy movement? The Endocrinologist 2003;13(3):240-2. Available online at http://www.isna.org/agenda.

[Chin1990] Chin R, Falk R. The instrumental role of a genetic counselor in a mulitidisciplinary setting: The craniofacial team as a model. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1990;26(3):185-90.

[Coates2004] Coates S, Wolfe S. Assessment of gender and sex in children. In Noshpitz J, ed. Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Clinical Assessment/Intervention. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2004:242-52.

[Cohen-Bendahan2004] Cohen-Bendahan C, Buitelaar J, van Goozen S, Cohen-Kettenis P. Prenatal exposure to testosterone and functional cerebral lateralization: a study in same-sex and opposite-sex twin girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004;29(7):911-6.

[Cohen-Bendahan2005] Cohen-Bendahan C, van de Beek C, Berenbaum S. Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005;29(2):353-84.

[Cohen-Kettenis2005] Cohen-Kettenis P. Gender change in 46,XY persons with 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34(4):399-410.

[Colapinto2000] Colapinto J. As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised As a Girl. New York: Harper Collins; 2000.

[Conn2005] Conn J, Gillam L, Conway G. Revealing the diagnosis of androgen insensitivity syndrome in adulthood. BMJ 2005;331(7517):628-30. Available online at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/331/7517/628.

[Consortium2006] Consortium on the Management of Disorders of Sex Differentiation. Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Disorders of Sex Development in Childhood. Rohnert Park: Intersex Society of North America; 2006. Available from http://www.dsdguidelines.org.

[Consortium2006b] Consortium on the Management of Disorders of Sex Development. Handbook for Parents. Rohnert Park, California: Intersex Society of North America; 2006. Available online at http://www.dsdguidelines.org.

[Conte1989] Conte FA, Grumbach MM. Pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of anomalies of sex. In Groot LJD, ed. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1989:1810-47.

[Conte2003] Conte F, Grumbach M. Diagnosis and management of ambiguous external genitalia. The Endocrinologist 2003;13(3):260-8.

[Cook2003] Cook AT. Made in God’s Image: A resource for dialogue about the church and gender differences. Chicago: Reconciling Ministries Network; 2003. Available from http://www.madeinimage.org.

[Cook2004] Cook AT. And God Loves Each One: A Resource for Dialogue about Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: Dumbarton United Methodist Church; 2004. Available from http://www.godloveseachone.org.

[Cools2005] Cools M, van Aerde K, Kersemaekers AM, et al.. Morphological and immunohistochemical differences between gonadal maturation delay and early germ cell neoplasia in patients with undervirilization syndromes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(9):5295-303.

[Costa1997] Costa E, Mendonca B, Inacio M, Arnhold I, Silva F, Lodovici O. Management of ambiguous genitalia in pseudohermaphrodites: new perspectives on vaginal dilation. Fertil Steril 1997;67(2):229-32.

[Coventry2000] Coventry M. Making the Cut. Ms Magazine 2000;X(6):52-60. Available online at http://www.msmagazine.com/oct00/makingthecut.html.

[Creighton2001] Creighton S, Minto C. Managing intersex. BMJ 2001;323(7324):1264-5. Available online at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/323/7324/1264.

[Creighton2001a] Creighton S. Surgery for intersex. J R Soc Med 2001;94(5):218-20.

[Creighton2001b] Creighton S, Minto C, Steele S. Objective cosmetic and anatomical outcomes at adolescence of feminising surgery for ambiguous genitalia done in childhood. Lancet 2001;358(9276):124-5. Available online (with free subscription) at http://www.thelancet.com.

[Creighton2002] Creighton S, Alderson J, Brown S, Minto CL. Medical photography: Ethics, consent, and the intersex patient. BJU Int 2002;89(1):67-71. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02558.x.

[Creighton2004] Creighton S, Liao L. Changing attitudes to sex assignment in intersex. BJU Int 2004;93(5):659-64. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04694.x.

[Creighton2004a] Creighton S. Long-term outcome of feminization surgery: The London experience. BJU Int 2004;93 Suppl 3:44-6. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04708.x.

[Crone2002] Crone J, Amann C, Gheradini R, Kirchlechner V, Fekete C. Management of 46, XY partial gonadal dysgenesis–revisited. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002;11(4):462-7.

[Crouch2004] Crouch N, Minto C, Laio L, Woodhouse C, Creighton S. Genital sensation after feminizing genitoplasty for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A pilot study. BJU Int 2004;93(1):135-8. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04572.x.

[Crouch2004b] Crouch N, Creighton S. Minimal surgical intervention in the management of intersex conditions. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17(12):1591-6.

[Daaboul2001] Daaboul J, Frader J. Ethics and the management of the patient with intersex: A middle way. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001;14(9):1575-83.

[Dasgupta2003] Dasgupta R, Schnitzer J, Hendren W, Donahoe P. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: surgical considerations required to repair a 46,XX patient raised as a boy. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38(8):1269-73.

[Dayner2004] Dayner J, Lee P, Houk C. Medical treatment of intersex: Parental perspectives. J Urol 2004;172(4 Pt 2):1762-5.

[Dessens2005] Dessens A, Slijper F, Drop S. Gender dysphoria and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34(4):389-97.

[Diamond1997] Diamond M, Sigmundson H. Sex reassignment at birth: A long term review and clinical implications. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;150:298-304. Available online at http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/mdfnl.html.

[Diamond1998] Diamond M. Intersexuality: recommendations for management. Arch Sex Behav 1998;27(6):634-41.

[Diamond1999] Diamond M. Pediatric management of ambiguous and traumatized genitalia. J Urol 1999;162(3 Pt 2):1021-8.

[Dittmann1990] Dittmann R, Kappes M, Kappes M, et al.. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. I: Gender-related behavior and attitudes in female patients and sisters. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1990;15(5-6):401-20.

[Dittmann1998] Dittmann R. Ambiguous genitalia, gender-identity problems, and sex reassignment. J Sex Marital Ther 1998;24(4):255-71.

[Dreger1998] Dreger A. “Ambiguous sex”–or ambivalent medicine? Ethical issues in the treatment of intersexuality. Hastings Cent Rep 1998;28(3):24-35. Available online at http://www.isna.org/articles/ambivalent_medicine.

[Dreger1999] Dreger A, ed. Intersex in the Age of Ethics. Hagerstown, Maryland: University Publishing Group; 1999.

[Dreger2002] Dreger A. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; 2002.

[Dreger2004a] Dreger A. Children’s competence for assent and consent: “Ambiguous sex”–or ambivalent Ethics Behav 2004;14(3):255-95.

[Dreger2005] Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J. Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: Scientific and clinical rationale. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18(8):729-33.

[Eckman2001] Eckman MH. Patient-centered decision making: A view of the past and a look toward the future. Med Decis Making 2001;21(3):241-7.

[Endocrinologist2003] Proceedings from the First World Congress: Hormonal and Genetic Basis of Sexual Differentiation Disorders, Tempe, Arizona, May 17-18, 2002. The Endocrinologist 2003;13(3).

[Eugster2004] Eugster E. Reality vs recommendations in the care of infants with intersex conditions. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158(5):428-9.

[Fast1984] Fast I. Gender Identity: A Differentiation Model. Hillsdale, NY: Analytic Press; 1984.

[Feder2002] Feder EK. Doctor’s orders: Parents and intersexed children. In Kittay EF, Feder EK, eds. The Subject of Care: Feminist Perspectives on Dependency. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefielf; 2002:294-320.

[Fliegner1996] Fliegner J. Long-term satisfaction with Sheares vaginoplasty for congenital absence of the vagina. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;36(2):202-4.

[Foley1992] Foley S, Morley GW. Care and counseling of the patient with vaginal agenesis. The Female Patient 1992;17(October):73-80. Available from http://www.isna.org/pdf/foley-morley.pdf.

[Frader2004] Frader J, Alderson P, et al. Health care professionals and intersex conditions. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:424-8. Available online (with free subscription) at http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/158/5/426.

[Gale2002] Gale P, Soomekh L. XXXY. Palo Alto; 2000. Available online at http://www.isna.org/videos/xxxy.

[Gelfand2004] Gelfand K, Geffken G, Lewin A, et al. An initial evaluation of the design of pediatric psychology consultation service with children with diabetes. J Child Health Care 2004;8(2):113-23.

[Glassberg1998] Glassberg K. The intersex infant: Early gender assignment and surgical reconstruction. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1998;11(3):151-4.

[Gooren2002] Gooren L. Psychological consequences. Semin Reprod Med 2002;20(3):285-96.

[Graziano2002] Graziano K, Teitelbaum D, Hirschl R, Coran A. Vaginal reconstruction for ambiguous genitalia and congenital absence of the vagina: a 27-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37(7):955-60.

[Greenberg1998] Greenberg JA. Defining male and female: Intersexuality and the collision between law and biology. Arizona Law Review 1998;41(2):265-328.

[Greenberg2003] Greenberg J. Legal aspects of gender assignment. The Endocrinologist 2003;13(3):277-86.

[Groveman1998] Groveman S. The Hanukkah bush: Ethical implications in the clinical management of intersex. J Clin Ethics 1998;9(4):356-9.

[Grumbach1992] Grumbach MM, Conte FA. Disorders of sex differentiation. In Wilson J, DW F, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992.

[Grumbach1998] Grumbach M, Conte F. Disorders of sex differentiation. In Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1998:1303-425.

[Grumbach2003] Grumbach M, Conte F, Hughes I. Disorders of sex differentiation. In Larsen P, Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th Edition. 10th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2003.

[Gupta1997] Gupta D, Menon P. Ambiguous genitalia–an Indian perspective. Indian J Pediatr 1997;64(2):189-94.

[Haffner2004] Haffner DW. From Diapers to Dating: A Parent’s Guide to Raising Sexually Healthy Children–From Infancy to Middle School. New York: Newmarket Press; 2004.

[Hannema2006] Hannema S, Scott I, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek N, Coleman N, Hughes I. Testicular development in the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Pathol 2006;208(4):518-27.

[Harmon-Smith1999] Harmon-Smith H. A mother’s 10 commandments to medical professionals: Treating intersex in the newborn. In Dreger AD, ed. Intersex in the Age of Ethics. Hagerstown, Maryland: University Publishing Group; 1999:195-6.

[Hawbecker1999] Hawbecker H. Who did this to you? In Dreger AD, ed. Intersex in the Age of Ethics. Hagerstown, Maryland: University Publishing Group; 1999:111-3.

[Heikkila2005] Heikkila M, Prunskaite K, Naillat F, et al. The partial female-to-male sex reversal in Wnt-4 deficient females involves induced expression of testosterone biosynthetic genes and testosterone production and depends on androgen action. Endocrinology 2005;146:4016-23.

[Henderson1997] Henderson B, Berenbaum S. Sex-typed play in opposite-sex twins. Dev Psychobiol 1997;31(2):115-23.

[Hensle1998] Hensle T, Reiley E. Vaginal replacement in children and young adults. J Urol 1998;159(3):1035-8.

[Hermer2002] Hermer L. Paradigms revised: Intersex children, bioethics & the law. Ann Health Law 2002;11:195-236.

[Hester2004] Hester J. Intersex(es) and informed consent: How physicians’ rhetoric constrains choice. Theor Med Bioeth 2004;25(1):21-49. Available from http://www.ars-rhetorica.net/David/InformedConsent.pdf.

[Hines2003] Hines M. Sex steroids and human behavior: Prenatal androgen exposure and sex-typical play behavior in children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003;1007:272-82.

[Hines2003a] Hines M, Ahmed S, Hughes I. Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Arch Sex Behav 2003;32(2):93-101.

[Hines2004] Hines M, Brook C, Conway G. Androgen and psychosexual development: core gender identity, sexual orientation and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). J Sex Res 2004;41(1):75-81.

[Hines2004a] Hines M. Psychosexual development in individuals who have female pseudohermaphroditism. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2004;13(3):641-56, ix.

[Horowitz1992] Horowitz M, Glassberg K. Ambiguous genitalia: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Urol Radiol 1992;14(4):306-18.

[Howe1998] Howe E. Intersexuality: What should care providers do now? Journal of Clinical Ethics 1998;9(4):337-44.

[Hughes1992] Hughes I, Williams D, Batch J, Patterson M. Male pseudohermaphroditism: clinical management, diagnosis and treatment. Horm Res 1992;38 Suppl 2:77-81.

[Imperato-McGinley1979] Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson R, Gautier T, Sturla E. Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency–a model for the role of androgens in both the development of the male phenotype and the evolution of a male gender identity. J Steroid Biochem 1979;11(1B):637-45.

[Imperato-McGinley1979a] Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson R, Gautier T, Sturla E. Androgens and the evolution of male-gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5alpha-reductase defiency. N Engl J Med 1979;300(22):1233-7.

[Imperato-McGinley2002] Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu Y. Androgens and male physiology the syndrome of 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;198(1-2):51-9.

[ISNAFAQ2005] Intersex Society of North America. Frequently asked questions about intersex. 2005. Available online at http://www.isna.org/faq/.

[JCE1998] Special issue on intersex. Journal of Clinical Ethics 1998;9(4).

[Josso1981] Josso N. Physiology of Sex Differentiation: A Guide to the Understanding and Management of the Intersex Child. Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology: Special issue, The Intersex Child 1981;8:1-13.

[Kaufman1999] Kaufman F, Halvorson M, Carpenter S. Association between diabetes control and visits to a multidisciplinary pediatric diabetes clinic. Pediatrics 1999;103(5 Pt1):948-51.

[Keir2002] Keir J. Mani’s Story. Auckland New Zealand: Greenstone Pictures; 2002. Available from http://www.isna.org/videos/mani.

[Kessler1998] Kessler S. Lessons from the Intersexed. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 1998.

[Kim1999] Kim. As is. In Intersex in the Age of Ethics. Frederick Maryland: University Publishing Group; 1999:99-102.

[Koyama2004] Koyama E. Intersex surgery. Hastings Cent Rep 2004;34(2):4.

[Krege2000] Krege S, Walz K, Hauffa B, Korner I, Rubben H. Long-term follow-up of female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 21-hydroxylase deficiency, with special emphasis on the results of vaginoplasty. BJU Int 2000;86(3):253-8; discussion 258-9. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00789.x.

[Krstic1995] Krstic Z, Perovic S, Radmanovic S, Necic S, Smoljanic Z, Jevtic P. Surgical treatment of intersex disorders. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30(9):1273-81.

[Kuhnle1993] Kuhnle U, Bullinger M, Schwarz H, Knorr D. Partnership and sexuality in adult female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. First results of a cross-sectional quality-of-life evaluation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993;45(1-3):123-6.

[Kuhnle1995] Kuhnle U, Bullinger M, Schwarz H. The quality of life in adult female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A comprehensive study of the impact of genital malformations and chronic disease on female patients life. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154(9):708-16.

[Kuhnle1997] Kuhnle U, Bullinger M. Outcome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Pediatr Surg Int 1997;12(7):511-5.

[Kuhnle2002] Kuhnle U, Krahl W. The impact of culture on sex assignment and gender development in intersex patients. Perspect Biol Med 2002;45(1):85-103.

[Kupfer1992] Kupfer S, Quigley C, French F. Male pseudohermaphroditism. Semin Perinatol 1992;16(5):319-31.

[Lebacqz1997] Lebacqz K. Difference or defect? Intersexuality and the politics of difference. Annu Soc Christ Ethics 1997;17:213-29.

[Lee2002] Lee P, Witchel S. Genital surgery among females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Changes over the past five decades. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15(9):1473-7.

[Lee2004] Lee P. A perspective on the approach to the intersex child born with genital ambiguity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17(2):133-40.

[Lee2005] Lee P, Witchel S. 46,XX patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: initial assignment as male, reassigned female. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18(2):125-32.

[Leidolf2006] Leidolf E. The Missing Vagina Monologue and Beyond. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy 2006;10(2):73-88. Available from http://www.mrkh.org.

[Leidolf2006b] Leidolf E, Curran M, Scout, Bradford J. Intersex mental health and social support options in pediatric endocrinology training programs. Journal of Homosexuality, forthcoming.

[Lloyd2005] Lloyd J, Crouch N, Minto C, Liao L, Creighton S. Female genital appearance: “Normality” unfolds. BJOG 2005;112(5):643-6.

[Long2004] Long D, Wisniewski A, Migeon C. Gender role across development in adult women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17(10):1367-73.

[Lovinger1975] Lovinger R, Kaplan S, Brumbach M. Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus. Four cases secondary to hypothalmic hormone deficiencies. Journal of Pediatrics 1975;87:1175.

[Lowes1997] Lowes L. Evaluation of a paediatric diabetes specialist nurse post. Br J Nurs 1997;6(11):625-6, 628-33.

[Maria2003] Maria I, Carlson A, Obeid J, et al.. Update: Prenatal Diagnosis for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in 595 Pregnancies. The Endocrinologist 2003;13(3):233-9.

[Massimo2004] Massimo L, Wiley T, Casari E. From informed consent to shared consent: A developing process in paediatric oncology. Lancet Oncol 2004;8:384-7. Available online (with free subscription) at http://www.thelancet.com/.

[Matthews2000] Matthews K. Controversy Over Care for Infants with Ambiguous Genitals. Associated Press 2000.

[Mazur2004] Mazur T, Sandberg D, Perrin M, Gallagher J, MacGilliivray M. Male pseudohermaphroditism: Long-term quality of life outcome in five 46,XY individuals reared female. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17(6):809-23.

[Mazur2005] Mazur T. Gender dysphoria and gender change in androgen insensitivity or micropenis. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34(4):411-21.

[Meyer-Bahlburg1996] Meyer-Bahlburg H, Gruen R, New M, et al.. Gender change from female to male in classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 1996;30(4):319-32.

[Meyer-Bahlburg1998] Meyer-Bahlburg H. Gender Assignment in intersexuality. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 1998;10(2):319-22.

[Meyer-Bahlburg2004] Meyer-Bahlburg H, Dolezal C, Baker S, Carlson A, Obeid J, New M. Prenatal androgenization affects gender-related behavior but not gender identity in 5-12-year-old girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch Sex Behav 2004;33(2):97-104.

[Meyer-Bahlburg2004a] Meyer-Bahlburg H, Migeon C, Berkovitz G, Gearhart J, Dolezal C, Wisniewski A. Attitudes of adult 46, XY intersex persons to clinical management policies. J Urol 2004;171(4):1615-9.

[Meyer-Bahlburg2005] Meyer-Bahlburg H. Gender identity outcome in female-raised 46,XY persons with penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, or penile ablation. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34(4):423-38.

[Miller1999] Miller E. Reengineering the role of a nurse manager in a patient-centered care organization. J Nurs Care Qual 1999;13(6):47-56.

[Minto2003] Minto C, Liao L, Woodhouse C, Ransley P, Creighton S. The effect of clitoral surgery on sexual outcome in individuals who have intersex conditions with ambiguous genitalia: A cross-sectional study. Lancet 2003;361(9365):1252-7. Available online (with free subscription) at http://www.thelancet.com/.

[Mollard1981] Mollard P, Juskiewenski S, Sarkissian J. Clitoroplasty in intersex: a new technique. Br J Urol 1981;53(4):371-3.

[Money1952] Money J. Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cambridge: Harvard University; 1952.

[Money1955] Money J, Hampson J, Hampson J. Hermaphroditism: Recommendations concerning assignment of sex, change of sex and psychologic management. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1955;97(4):284-300.

[Money1972] Money J, Ehrhardt A. Man & Woman Boy & Girl: The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1972.

[Morris2001] Morris E. The Missing Vagina Monologue. Sojourner 2001;26(7).

[Mouradian2001] Mouradian W. Deficits versus strengths: Ethics and implications for clinical practice and research. Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal 2001;38(3):255-9.

[Mulaikal1987] Mulaikal R, Migeon C, Rock J. Fertility rates in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. N Engl J Med 1987;316(4):178-82.

[New1992] New M. Female pseudohermaphroditism. Semin Perinatol 1992;16(5):299-318.

[New2003] New MI, Carlson A, Obeid J, et al.. Update: Prenatal diagnosis for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 595 pregnancies. The Endocrinologist 2003;13(3):233-9.

[Nihoul-Fekete2004] Nihoul-Fekete C. The Isabel Forshall Lecture. Surgical management of the intersex patient: an overview in 2003. J Pediatr Surg 2004;39(2):144-5.

[Nimkarn2002] Nimkarn S, Likitmaskul S, Sangacharoenkit P, et al.. Ambiguous genitalia: an overview of 22 years experience and the diagnostic approach in the Pediatric Department, Siriraj Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai 2002;85 Suppl 2:S496-505.

[Nussbaum2000] Nussbaum E. A question of gender. Discover 2000;21(1):92-9. Available from http://www.dsdguidelines.org/nussbaum2000.

[Oesterling1987] Oesterling J, Gearhart J, Jeffs R. A unified approach to early reconstructive surgery of the child with ambiguous genitalia. J Urol 1987;138(4 Pt 2):1079-82.

[Ozbey2004] Ozbey H, Darendeliler F, Kayserili H, Korkmazlar U, Salman T. Gender assignment in female congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a difficult experience. BJU Int 2004;94(3):388-91. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04967.x.

[Preves2003] Preves S. Intersex and Identity: The Contested Self. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 2003.

[Psychologist2004] Special issue on intersex. The Psychologist 2004;17(8). Available online at http://www.bps.org.uk/_publicationfiles/thepsychologist/0804intersex.pdf

[Ramani1993] Ramani P, Yeung CK, Habeebu SS. Testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia in children and adolescents with intersex. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17(11):1124-33.

[Randolph1981] Randolph J, Hung W, Rathlev M. Clitoroplasty for females born with ambiguous genitalia: A long-term study of 37 patients. J Pediatr Surg 1981;16(6):882-7.

[Reilly1989] Reilly JM, Woodhouse CR. Small penis and the male sexual role. J Urol 1989;142(2 Pt 2):569-71; discussion 572.

[Reinelt1981] Reinelt T, Friedrich E. [Intersexuality. Development of sexual behavior pattern and the legal position of the hermaphrodite (author’s transl)]. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1981;123(42):1575-9.

[Reiner1996] Reiner W. Case study: Sex reassignment in a teenage girl. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35(6):799-803.

[Reiner1997] Reiner W. Sex assignment in the neonate with intersex or inadequate genitalia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151(10):1044-5.

[Reiner1999] Reiner W. Assignment of sex in neonates with ambiguous genitalia. Curr Opin Pediatri 1999;11(4):363-5.

[Reiner2002] Reiner W. Gender identity and sex assignment: a reappraisal for the 21st century. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;511:175-89.

[Reiner2003] Reiner W, Kropp B. Aphallic males: Seven-year experience at the Unversity of Oklahoma. Presented at: American Academy of Pediatrics, Urology Section. New Orleans; 2003.

[Reiner2004] Reiner W, Gearhart J. Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth. N Engl J Med 2004;350(4):333-41. Available online (with free subscription) at http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/350/4/333.

[Reiner2004a] Reiner W. Psychosexual development in genetic males assigned female: the cloacal exstrophy experience. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2004;13(3):657-74, ix.

[Reiner2005] Reiner W. Gender identity and sex-of-rearing in children with disorders of sexual differentiation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18(6):549-53.

[Richter-Appelt2005] Richter-Appelt H, Discher C, Gedrose B. Gender identity and recalled gender related childhood play-behaviour in adult individuals with different forms of intersexuality. Anthropol Anz 2005;63(3):241-56.

[Roat2005] Roat C. Addressing Language Access Issues in Your Practice: A Toolkit for Physicians and Their Staff Members. San Francisco: California Academy of Family Physicians; 2005.

[Rugarli1999] Rugarli E. Kallmann syndrome and the link between olfactory and reproductive development. Am J Hum Genet 1999;65(4):943-8.

[Salisbury1984] Salisbury D, Leonard J, Dezateux C, Savage M. Micropenis: an important early sign of congenital hypopituitarism. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;288(6417):621-2.

[Sandberg1991] Sandberg DE, Smith MM, Fornari V, Goldstein M, Lifshitz F. Nutritional dwarfing: is it a consequence of disturbed psychosocial functioning? Pediatrics 1991;88(5):926-33.

[Schober1998] Schober J. Early feminizing genitoplasty or watchful waiting. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1998;11(3):154-6.

[Schober1998a] Schober J. Feminizing genitoplasty for intersex. In Pediatric Surgery and Urology: Long Term Outcomes, Stringer M, Oldham K, Mouriquand P, Howard E, eds. London: W.B. Saunders; 1998:549-58.

[Schober1998b] Schober J. A surgeon’s response to the intersex controversy. J Clin Ethics 1998;9(4):393-7.

[Schober1999] Schober J. Quality-of-life studies in patients with ambiguous genitalia. World J Urol 1999;17(4):249-52.

[Schober2001] Schober J. Sexual behaviors, sexual orientation and gender identity in adult intersexuals: a pilot study. J Urol 2001;165(6 Pt 2):2350-3.

[Schober2004] Schober J. Sexual quality of life in an intersexual population: A needs assessment. BJU Int 2004;93 Suppl 3:54-6. Available online (with free subscription) at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04711.x.

[Schober2004a] Schober J. Feminizing genitoplasty: a synopsis of issues relating to genital surgery in intersex individuals. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17(5):697-703. Available from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04711.x/abs/.

[Schober2004b] Schober J, Meyer-Bahlburg H, Ransley P. Self-assessment of genital anatomy, sexual sensitivity and function in women: Implications for genitoplasty. BJU Int 2004;94(4):589-94. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05006.x.

[SchoberOutcomes] Schober J. Long-term outcomes of feminizing genitoplasty for intersex. In Mouriquand PDE, ed. Pediatric Surgery and Urology: Long-Term Outcomes. London: W. B. Saunders Company; in press.

[Schwartz1981] Schwartz M, Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson R, et al.. Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to an abnormality in Leydig cell differentiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53(1):123-7.

[Servin2003] Servin A, Nordenstrom A, Larsson A, Bohlin G. Prenatal androgens and gender-typed behavior: a study of girls with mild and severe forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Dev Psychol 2003;39(3):440-50.

[SFHRC2004] San Francisco Human Rights Commission. Public hearing on the treatment of intersex; 2004. Available from http://www.isna.org/videos/sf_hrc_hearing.

[Shah1980] Shah C, Wong D. Management of children with cleft lip and palate. Can Med Assoc J 1980;122(1):19-24.

[Shelov1998] American Academy of Pediatrics, Shelov SP, Hannemann RE. Caring for Your Baby and Young Child. New York: Bantam Books; 1998.

[Sick2005] Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Child Physiology: Sex Differentiation. 2005. Available online at www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HowTheBodyWorks/SexDevelopmentAnOverview/.

[Sills2003] Sills E, Perloe M, Kaplan C, Schlegel P, Palermo G. Bilateral orchiectomy for the surgical treatment of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: patient outcome after 1 year of follow-up. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2003;13(3):193-7.

[Sobel2004] Sobel V, Zhu Y, Imperato-McGinley J. Fetal hormones and sexual differentiation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2004;31(4):837-56, x-xi.

[Sobel2004a] Sobel V, Imperato-McGinley J. Gender identity in XY intersexuality. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2004;13(3):609-22, viii.

[Steiner2002] Steiner E, Woernle F, Kuhn W, et al.. Carcinoma of the neovagina: Case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2002;84(1):171-5.

[Stewart2001] Stewart M. Towards a global definition of patient centred care. BMJ 2001;322(7284):444-5. Available online at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/322/7284/444.

[Stikkelbroeck2003] Stikkelbroeck N, Beerendonk C, Willemsen W, et al.. The long term outcome of feminizing genital surgery for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Anatomical, functional and cosmetic outcomes, psychosexual development, and satisfaction in adult female patients. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2003;16(5):289-96.

[Dreger1999b] Dreger AD, Chase C. A mother’s care: An interview with “Sue” and “Margaret”. In Dreger AD, ed. Intersex in the Age of Ethics. Hagerstown, Maryland: University Publishing Group; 1999.

[Sytsma2006] Sytsma, SE, ed. Ethics and Intersex. Edited by D. N. Weisstub. Vol. 29, International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine. Berlin: Springer; 2006.

[Thomas2004] Thomas D. Gender assignment: Background and current controversies. BJU Int 2004;93 Suppl 3:47-50. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04709.x

[Thyen2005] Thyen U, Richter-Appelt H, Wiesemann C, Holterhus P, Hiort O. Deciding on gender in children with intersex conditions: considerations and controversies. Treat Endocrinol 2005;4(1):1-8.

[Tindlund1997] Tindlund R, Holmefjord A. Functional results with the team care of cleft lip and palate patients in Bergen, Norway. The Bergen Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Team, Norway. Folia Phoniatr Logop 1997;49(3-4):168-76.

[vandeBeek2004] van de Beek C, Thijssen J, Cohen-Kettenis P, van Goozen S, Buitelaar J. Relationships between sex hormones assessed in amniotic fluid, and maternal and umbilical cord serum: what is the best source of information to investigate the effects of fetal hormonal exposure? Horm Behav 2004;46(5):663-9.

[VanHowe1997] van Howe R, Cold C. Sex reassignment at birth: long-term review and clinical implications. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151(10):1062.

[vanSeters1988] van Seters A, Slob A. Mutually gratifying heterosexual relationship with micropenis of husband. J Sex Marital Ther 1988;14(2):98-107.

[Vilain2002] Vilain E. Anomalies of human sexual development: Clinical aspects and genetic analysis. In Chadwick D, Goode J, editors. Symposium on the Genetics and Biology of Sex Determination, held at the Novartis Foundation, London, May 2001; 2002; London: Novartis Found Symp; 2002. p. 244:43-53; discussion 53-6, 79-85, 253-7.

[Ward2000] Ward P. Is it a Boy or a Girl? [Cable broadcast]. Great Falls VA: Discovery Channel; 2000. Available from http://www.isna.org/videos/boy_or_girl.

[Warne2003] Warne G. Clinical note: Support groups for CAH and AIS. The Endocrinologist 2003;13(3):175-8.

[Warne2005] Warne G, Grover S, Zajac J. Hormonal therapies for individuals with intersex conditions: protocol for use. Treat Endocrinol 2005;4(1):19-29.

[Weijenborg2000] Weijenborg P, ter Kuile M. The effect of a group programme on women with the Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. BJOG 2000;107(3):365-8.

[Williams2002] Williams N. The Imposition of gender: Psychoanalytic encounters with genital atypicality. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2002;19(3):455-74. Available from www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736973502000856.

[Wilson1998] Wilson B, Reiner W. Management of intersex: A shifting paradigm. J Clin Ethics 1998;9(4):360-9.

[Wisniewski2000] Wisniewski A, Migeon C, Meyer-Bahlburg H, et al.. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(8):2664-9.

[Wisniewski2002] Wisniewski A, Migeon C. Long-term perspectives for 46,XY patients affected by complete androgen insensitivity syndrome or congenital micropenis. Semin Reprod Med 2002;20(3):297-304.

[Wisniewski2002a] Wisniewski A, Migeon C. Gender identity/role differentiation in adolescents affected by syndromes of abnormal sex differentiation. Adolesc Med 2002;13(1):119-28, vii.

[Wisniewski2004] Wisniewski A, Migeon C, Malouf M, Gearhart J. Psychosexual outcome in women affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Urol 2004;171(6 Pt 1):2497-501.

[Wong1979] Wong E, Brown D, Ulstrom R, Steffes M. Urinary 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;49(3):377-80.

[Young1937] Young HH. Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism, and Related Adrenal Diseases. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1937.

[Zderic2002] Zderic SA, Canning DA, Carr MC, Snyder HM, eds. Pediatric Assignment of Sex: A Critical Reappraisal. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2002.

[Zucker1996] Zucker K, Bradley S, Oliver G, Blake J, Fleming S, Hood J. Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 1996;30(4):300-18.

[Zucker1999] Zucker K. Intersexuality and gender identity differentiation. Annu Rev Sex Res 1999;10:1-69.

[Zucker2002] Zucker K. Intersexuality and gender identity differentiation. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2002;15(1):3-13.

[Zucker2004] Zucker K, Bradley S, Oliver G, Blake J, Fleming S, Hood J. Self-reported sexual arousability in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Sex Marital Ther 2004;30(5):343-55.

[Zucker2005] Zucker K. Measurement of psychosexual differentiation. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34(4):375-88.